Senior Researcher
Address
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Angewandte Elektrodynamik und Plasmatechnik
Universitätsstraße 150
D-44801 Bochum, Germany
Room
ID 1/539
Phone
+49 234 32 xxxxx
Email
ryan(at)aept.rub.de
Publications
2825793
Ryan
apa
50
date
desc
year
1
Ryan
911
https://www.aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-432a4dfd3f279c56692c4d33b65c5709%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%225RUNIFMP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2825793%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ryan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-03-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERyan%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Kawasaki%2C%20T.%2C%20Gelderblom%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sobota%2C%20A.%20%282026%29.%20High-velocity%20gas%20flow%20domination%20over%20liquid%20flow%20driven%20by%20a%20commercial%20plasma%20jet.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Applied%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E139%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%20113301.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1063%5C%2F5.0310836%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1063%5C%2F5.0310836%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2825793%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D5RUNIFMP%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22High-velocity%20gas%20flow%20domination%20over%20liquid%20flow%20driven%20by%20a%20commercial%20plasma%20jet%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawasaki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gelderblom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sobota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Plasma-induced%20liquid%20flows%20are%20thought%20to%20be%20a%20useful%20method%20in%20controlling%20the%20transport%20and%20distribution%20of%20reactive%20species%20through%20a%20liquid%20during%20plasma%5Cu2013liquid%20interactions.%20Using%20particle%20image%20velocimetry%2C%20we%20quantitatively%20investigate%20the%20liquid%20flow%20induced%20by%20a%20commercial%20atmospheric%20pressure%20plasma%20jet%2C%20an%20Argon%20kINPen%20IND-X.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20kINPen-induced%20liquid%20flow%20is%20dominated%20by%20the%20background%20neutral%20gas%20flow%20at%20application-required%20flow%20rates.%20We%20come%20to%20this%20conclusion%20by%20finding%20that%20the%20liquid%20flow%20is%20the%20same%20with%20or%20without%20ionization%2C%20even%20as%20parameters%20of%20the%20plasma%20and%20liquids%20are%20changed.%20We%20expand%20on%20this%20by%20comparing%20the%20flows%20driven%20by%20the%20kINPen%20to%20two%20other%20plasma%20jets%20that%20have%20been%20used%20in%20past%20liquid%20flow%20research%2C%20by%20using%20experimental%20data%20and%20dimensionless%20numbers%20to%20characterize%20certain%20flow%20phenomena.%20One%20of%20these%20dimensionless%20numbers%20is%20a%20newly%20defined%20parameter%20for%20general%20use%20in%20discerning%20whether%20a%20plasma%20jet%5Cu2019s%20background%20neutral%20gas%20flow%20is%20fast%20enough%20for%20electro-hydrodynamic%20forces%20in%20the%20gas%20phase%20to%20become%20negligible.%20Through%20our%20comparison%20of%20the%20liquid%20flows%20driven%20by%20the%20three%20investigated%20plasma%20jets%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20how%20to%20predict%20which%20mechanisms%20are%20dominant%20in%20the%20fluid%20mechanics%20of%20a%20plasma%5Cu2013liquid%20system%2C%20by%20combining%20experimental%20data%20with%20easy-to-obtain%20parameters%20of%20the%20system.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-03-21%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1063%5C%2F5.0310836%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubs.aip.org%5C%2Fjap%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F139%5C%2F11%5C%2F113301%5C%2F3383747%5C%2FHigh-velocity-gas-flow-domination-over-liquid-flow%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220021-8979%2C%201089-7550%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-06T18%3A13%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EPL5M9QI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2825793%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ryan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-11-19%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERyan%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Schalk%2C%20M.%2C%20Darhuber%2C%20A.%20A.%2C%20Gelderblom%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sobota%2C%20A.%20%282025%29.%20Plasma-induced%20flow%20of%20de-mineralised%20water%20is%20governed%20by%20the%20aqueous%20grounding%20configuration.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2040902.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-025-24722-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-025-24722-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2825793%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DEPL5M9QI%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Plasma-induced%20flow%20of%20de-mineralised%20water%20is%20governed%20by%20the%20aqueous%20grounding%20configuration%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Calum%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mariska%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schalk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anton%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Darhuber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hanneke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gelderblom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sobota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-11-19%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41598-025-24722-0%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41598-025-24722-0%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222045-2322%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-06T18%3A13%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZSFT2P5K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2825793%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schalk%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchalk%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ERyan%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Coppus%2C%20B.%2C%20Zhao%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sobota%2C%20A.%20%282025%29.%20Plasma-water%20interaction%3A%20electric%20surface%20potential%20and%20discharge%20dynamics%20at%20the%20interface.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Physics%20D%3A%20Applied%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E58%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2835%29%2C%20355207.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1361-6463%5C%2Fadfd6a%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1361-6463%5C%2Fadfd6a%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2825793%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DZSFT2P5K%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Plasma-water%20interaction%3A%20electric%20surface%20potential%20and%20discharge%20dynamics%20at%20the%20interface%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schalk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C%20T%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coppus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sobota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20plasma%5Cu2013liquid%20interactions%2C%20understanding%20the%20production%20of%20electric%20potential%20at%20the%20interfacial%20region%20is%20important%20to%20further%20understand%20the%20development%20of%20various%20effects%20driven%20by%20the%20discharge%2C%20such%20as%20ionization%2C%20electric%20field%2C%20and%20the%20induced%20forces%20and%20flows.%20This%20study%20aims%20to%20characterize%20this%20electric%20potential%20development%20on%20the%20liquid%20surface%20through%20experimental%20methods.%20A%20helium%20AC%20kHz%20powered%20plasma%20jet%20and%20positive%5C%2Fnegative%20pulsed%20jets%2C%20with%20a%20dielectric%20barrier%20discharge%20geometry%2C%20are%20investigated%20in%20contact%20with%20de-mineralied%20water%20and%20a%20NaCl%2050%20g%20l%5Cu22121%20solution%2C%20in%20both%20floating%20and%20grounded%20configurations.%20A%20voltage%20probe%20is%20used%20to%20obtain%20surface%20potential%20data%20over%20different%20distances%20from%20the%20plasma%20jet.%20This%20data%20is%20supported%20by%20intensified%20charge%20coupled%20device%20%28iCCD%29%20imaging%20to%20determine%20the%20moment%20of%20contact%20between%20the%20discharge%20and%20the%20liquid%20surface%20and%20by%20examining%20the%20discharge%20shape.%20For%20floating%20liquids%2C%20surface%20potentials%20were%20uniform%20over%20the%20surface%2C%20pointing%20toward%20high%20conductivity%20of%20the%20interfacial%20layer%20of%20water.%20For%20grounded%20liquids%2C%20efficient%20charge%20dissipation%20results%20in%20potentials%20that%20go%20to%20zero.%20Increasing%20the%20applied%20voltage%20amplitude%2C%20frequency%20and%20pulse%20width%20increases%20the%20surface%20potential.%20We%20are%20able%20to%20demonstrate%20that%20the%20surface%20potential%20measured%20outside%20of%20the%20active%20plasma%20region%20increases%20following%20plasma%20ignition%20towards%20a%20steady%20state.%20Apart%20from%20the%20usual%20bullet%20formation%2C%20the%20iCCD%20images%20show%20a%20diffuse%20volume%20discharge%20in%20the%20gas%20gap%20and%20a%20surface%20discharge%20for%20the%20pulsed%20jets%2C%20of%20which%20the%20shape%20depends%20on%20the%20liquid%20conductivity.%20An%20additional%20surface%20discharge%20is%20observed%20at%20the%20fall%20of%20the%20voltage%20pulse%2C%20which%20is%20expected%20to%20contribute%20to%20the%20neutralization%20of%20the%20surface%20charges.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-09-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1361-6463%5C%2Fadfd6a%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fiopscience.iop.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1361-6463%5C%2Fadfd6a%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-3727%2C%201361-6463%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-06T18%3A13%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XLJKTHG7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2825793%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ryan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ERyan%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20C.%20T.%2C%20Darhuber%2C%20A.%20A.%2C%20Kunnen%2C%20R.%20P.%20J.%2C%20Gelderblom%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sobota%2C%20A.%20%282024%29.%20Electrical%20properties%20determine%20the%20liquid%20flow%20direction%20in%20plasma%26%23x2013%3Bliquid%20interactions.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Reports%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2017152.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-68337-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-68337-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2825793%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DXLJKTHG7%27%3ECite%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Electrical%20properties%20determine%20the%20liquid%20flow%20direction%20in%20plasma%5Cu2013liquid%20interactions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Calum%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anton%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Darhuber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rudie%20P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kunnen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hanneke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gelderblom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sobota%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-26%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41598-024-68337-3%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41598-024-68337-3%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222045-2322%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-06T18%3A12%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Ryan, C. T., Kawasaki, T., Gelderblom, H., & Sobota, A. (2026). High-velocity gas flow domination over liquid flow driven by a commercial plasma jet. Journal of Applied Physics, 139(11), 113301. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0310836 Cite
Ryan, C. T., Schalk, M., Darhuber, A. A., Gelderblom, H., & Sobota, A. (2025). Plasma-induced flow of de-mineralised water is governed by the aqueous grounding configuration. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 40902. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-24722-0 Cite
Schalk, M., Ryan, C. T., Coppus, B., Zhao, S., & Sobota, A. (2025). Plasma-water interaction: electric surface potential and discharge dynamics at the interface. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 58(35), 355207. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/adfd6a Cite
Ryan, C. T., Darhuber, A. A., Kunnen, R. P. J., Gelderblom, H., & Sobota, A. (2024). Electrical properties determine the liquid flow direction in plasma–liquid interactions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 17152. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68337-3 Cite
